At the turn of the 15th century, the area that is now Togo was populated by the Kwa people and tribes from along the Volta river. Over the next 200 years, these were joined by Ewe people from Nigeria and the Ane from Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire. During the 18th century, the coastal region was occupied by Danish colonists who controlled the slave trade in the region. By the late 19th century, the Danes had been replaced by Germans who established the protectorate of Togoland and used slave labor to develop agricultural plantations, although outlawing slavery in 1885. The administration was
overthrown by a joint Anglo-French force early in World War I. Then, in 1922, the country was divided into a French-controlled eastern region and a British-occupied western sector, each of which was governed under a League of Nations mandate. After a UN-sponsored referendum in 1956, the British sector merged with the neighboring colony of Gold Coast to form Ghana, while later in the year, the French part chose to become the autonomous Republic of Togo. It was granted full independence in 1960.
The civilian government that took power at this point lasted just seven years, before a military coup brought Lieutenant-Colonel Etienne Gnassingbe Eyadéma to power in January 1967. Eyadéma has remained in office until his death in February 2005 – affording him the distinction of being the world’s longest continuously serving head of state – with the support of the country’s sole political party, the Rassemblement du Peuple Togolais (RPT). MPs hastily changed the constitution and Eyadéma’s son, Faure, assumed power and is set to fulfill his father's term as president until 2008 when new elections are scheduled to be held. Eyadéma’s authoritarian style of government spawned numerous opponents and several coup attempts were directed against him. Surprisingly then, Togo was initially in the vanguard of the democratic revolution which swept Africa during 1991. In August 1991, a national conference of the country’s major political forces was convened to chart the path to democratic government. The conference stripped Eyadéma of his executive powers (although he retained his position) and installed a transitional administration, the High Council of the Republic, led by Kokou Koffigoh. However, in late November 1991, the government made a serious tactical error by banning the RPT, Eyadéma’s political power base. Threatened with a complete loss of political power, the army mutinied, determined to bring Koffigoh down. The arrival of French paratroops in neighboring Benin brought the violence to a halt while Eyadéma and Koffigoh worked out a temporary compromise.
Political turbulence continued in 1992. Multi-party elections were repeatedly postponed and it became evident that Eyadéma was determined to hold on to power, come what may. When the poll was eventually held in August 1993, several of the principal opposition parties boycotted it; those that did not were disqualified anyway. Despite intense international pressure, Eyadéma clung to power. The next two years were a period of great political tension, which was eventually defused when the combined opposition of the Comité d’Action pour le Renouveau (CAR) and the Union Togolaise pour la Démocratie (UTD) won the 1994 national assembly elections. This was an aberration in the otherwise continuous rule of Eyadéma’s RPT. Eyadéma was still in situ as president, and was convincingly re-elected in June 1998 despite extensive fraud and intimidation. By 2002, with his second and final term under the 1993 constitution drawing to a close, Eyadéma began to exert pressure to allow him a third term. Not surprisingly, he got his way and began another five-year term in June 2003. The most recent national assembly elections were held in October 2002 – for the third time in succession, they were boycotted by all the main opposition parties, giving victory by default to the RPT. (This is exactly what had happened three years earlier, except, on that occasion, the result was nullified and the poll re-run. The 2002 effort was, in a sense, the re-run.)
When Eyadéma unexpectedly died in February 2005, the constitution was hastily changed and his son, Faure, initially assumed power. This was condemned both at home and by the international community and led to violent protests between rival political parties. Amid rising violence, Faure reluctantly stepped down and scheduled presidential elections for April of that year. Against a backdrop of political violence and accusations of vote rigging and intimidation, Faure won the presidential election and was sworn in as the new president in May 2005. However, the political situation remained tense with opposition parties calling for the appointment not to be recognized. Up to 500 people were killed in the political violence surrounding the Presidential poll, according to the UN. Around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighboring countries.
Government The 1993 constitution allows for an executive president directly elected for a five-year term. The legislature is the unicameral Assemblée Nationale, whose 81 members are also directly elected for five years.
Economy About two-thirds of the working population is employed in agriculture: a wide range of crops are produced, including cotton, cocoa and coffee (the main cash crops) and basic foodstuffs including cassava, maize, yams and sorghum.
Togo’s other major principal exports are the ores from the country’s phosphate mines, although revenues have been hit recently by slack demand and low world prices. Limestone and marble deposits have also been exploited. Togo’s mines contain some of the world’s richest calcium deposits.
Most of Togo’s other industry is based on the processing of these agricultural and mineral products, apart from a handful of factories engaged in the production of textiles and consumer goods for domestic consumption. A successful export processing zone, now entering its second decade of operation, has attracted numerous manufacturers from across the world. The service sector is small and tourism negligible.
The country’s main economic problems are a huge foreign debt and declining revenues due to low world commodity prices. A typical program of structural adjustment has been undertaken under the supervision of the IMF and World Bank. In 2005, annual GDP growth was 1.6% while inflation was 6.8%.
Togo is a member of the CFA Franc Zone, the West African trading bloc ECOWAS and various international commodity organizations.
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